Kuwonongeka kwa zakudya kwakhala kukuchulukirachulukira pamene chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lapansi chikuwonjezeka komanso mizinda ikukulirakulira.Mamiliyoni a matani a chakudya amatayidwa m’zinyalala padziko lonse chaka chilichonse.Pafupifupi 30% ya zipatso, ndiwo zamasamba, mbewu, nyama ndi zakudya zapadziko lonse lapansi zimatayidwa chaka chilichonse.Kuwonongeka kwa chakudya kwakhala vuto lalikulu la chilengedwe m'mayiko onse.Kuchuluka kwa zakudya zotayidwa kumayambitsa kuipitsa kwakukulu, komwe kumawononga mpweya, madzi, nthaka ndi zamoyo zosiyanasiyana.Kumbali ina, zinyalala zazakudya zimaphwanyidwa mwa anaerobicly kuti zipange mpweya wowonjezera kutentha monga methane, carbon dioxide ndi mpweya wina woipa.Kutayidwa kwa chakudya kumatulutsa matani 3.3 biliyoni a mpweya wowonjezera kutentha.Komano, zinyalala za chakudya zimaponyedwa m’malo otayiramo nthaka omwe amatenga malo aakulu, kutulutsa mpweya wotayira m’nthaka ndi fumbi loyandama.Ngati zotayira zomwe zimatulutsidwa panthawi yotayirako sizikuyendetsedwa bwino, zitha kuyambitsa kuyipitsa kwachiwiri, kuwononga nthaka komanso kuwononga madzi apansi panthaka.
Kuwotcha ndi kutaya zinyalala kuli ndi zovuta zazikulu, ndipo kugwiritsanso ntchito zinyalala zazakudya kudzathandizira kuteteza chilengedwe ndikuwonjezera kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zongowonjezwdwa.
Momwe zinyalala zazakudya zimapangidwira kukhala feteleza wachilengedwe.
Zipatso, ndiwo zamasamba, mkaka, chimanga, mkate, khofi, zipolopolo, nyama ndi nyuzipepala zonse zitha kupangidwa ndi manyowa.Zinyalala zazakudya ndi gawo lapadera la kompositi yomwe imakhala gwero lalikulu lazinthu zachilengedwe.Zinyalala zazakudya zimaphatikizapo zinthu zosiyanasiyana monga wowuma, cellulose, protein lipids ndi mchere wa inorganic, ndi N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, K ndi zina zofufuza.Zinyalala zazakudya zimakhala ndi biodegradable yabwino, yomwe imatha kufika 85%.Lili ndi makhalidwe a organic okhutira, chinyezi chambiri ndi zakudya zambiri, ndipo zimakhala ndi mtengo wobwezeretsanso.Chifukwa zinyalala zazakudya zimakhala ndi chinyontho chochuluka komanso kachulukidwe kakang'ono ka thupi, ndikofunikira kusakaniza zinyalala zatsopano zazakudya ndi bulking agent, zomwe zimatenga chinyezi chochulukirapo ndikuwonjezera kapangidwe kake.
Zinyalala zazakudya zimakhala ndi zinthu zambiri za organic, zokhala ndi mapuloteni opangira 15% - 23%, mafuta 17% - 24%, mchere - 3% - 5%, Ca - 54%, sodium chloride 3% - 4%, ndi zina.
Ukadaulo waukadaulo ndi zida zofananira zosinthira zinyalala zazakudya kukhala feteleza wachilengedwe.
Ndizodziwika bwino kuti kuchepa kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zinthu zotayirako kumayambitsa kuipitsa chilengedwe.Pakalipano, mayiko ena otukuka akhazikitsa njira yabwino yochotsera zakudya zowonongeka.Mwachitsanzo, ku Germany, zinyalala za chakudya zimachotsedwa makamaka pogwiritsa ntchito kompositi ndi kuthirira kwa anaerobic, kumapanga pafupifupi matani 5 miliyoni a feteleza wachilengedwe kuchokera ku zinyalala za chakudya chaka chilichonse.Popanga manyowa azakudya ku UK, matani pafupifupi 20 miliyoni a mpweya wa CO2 amatha kuchepetsedwa chaka chilichonse.Kompositi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupifupi 95% yamizinda yaku US.Kompositi ikhoza kubweretsa ubwino wosiyanasiyana wa chilengedwe, kuphatikizapo kuchepetsa kuipitsidwa kwa madzi, ndipo phindu lachuma ndi lalikulu.
♦ Kutaya madzi m'thupi
Madzi ndi gawo lofunikira pakuwonongeka kwazakudya komwe kumakhala 70% -90%, omwe ndi maziko a kuwonongeka kwa zinyalala zazakudya.Choncho, kutaya madzi m'thupi ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakusintha zinyalala za chakudya kukhala feteleza wachilengedwe.
Chida chochizira chakudya chisanachitike chithandizo ndi sitepe yoyamba pochiza zinyalala za chakudya.Zimaphatikizapo Dewatering Systemà Feeding Systemà Automatic Sorting Systemà Solid-Liquid separatorà Oil-Water Separatorà Kompositi ya m'ziwiya.Kuthamanga koyambira kungagawidwe m'njira zotsatirazi:
1. Zakudya zotayira m'zakudya ziyenera kukhetsedwa kaye chifukwa zili ndi madzi ochulukirapo.
2. Kuchotsa zinyalala muzakudya monga zitsulo, matabwa, mapulasitiki, mapepala, nsalu, ndi zina zotero.
3. Zinyalala zazakudya zimasanjidwa ndikudyetsedwa mu cholekanitsa cholimba chamadzimadzi chamtundu wa screw kuti chiphwanye, kuchotsa madzi m'thupi ndi kuchotsa mafuta.
4. Zotsalira za chakudya zopukutidwa zimawuma ndikuwumitsidwa pa kutentha kwambiri kuti zichotse chinyezi chochulukirapo komanso tizilombo toyambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana.Ubwino ndi kuuma kwa zinyalala za chakudya zomwe zimafunikira kuti kompositi ikwaniritsidwe, ndipo zinyalala zazakudya zitha kutumizidwa mu kompositi ya m'chiwiya mwachindunji kudzera m'malamba.
5. Madzi ochotsedwa ku zinyalala za chakudya ndi osakaniza a mafuta ndi madzi, olekanitsidwa ndi olekanitsa madzi a mafuta.Mafuta olekanitsidwa amakonzedwa mwakuya kuti apeze biodiesel kapena mafuta amafuta.
Chomera chonse chotaya zinyalala chazakudya chili ndi zabwino zake zotulutsa zambiri, ntchito zotetezeka, zotsika mtengo komanso nthawi yayitali yopanga.
♦ Kompositi
Tanki ya Fermentationndi mtundu wa thanki mokwanira anazingidwa ntchito kutentha aerobic nayonso mphamvu luso, amene m'malo chikhalidwe stacking luso kompositi.Kutsekedwa kwa kutentha kwakukulu ndi ndondomeko ya composting mofulumira mu thanki imapanga manyowa apamwamba kwambiri, omwe amatha kuwongoleredwa molondola komanso mokhazikika.
Kuyika kompositi m'mitsuko ndi insulated, ndipo kuwongolera kutentha ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakupanga kompositi.Kuwonongeka kwachangu kwa zinthu zomwe zimatha kuwonongeka mosavuta kumatheka posunga kutentha kwabwino kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono.Kupeza kutentha kwakukulu kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi udzu ndikofunikira.Kupesa kumayambika ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timene timapezeka m'zakudya, zimaphwanya kompositi, kutulutsa michere, ndikuwonjezera kutentha mpaka 60-70 ° C komwe kumafunikira kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mbewu za udzu, ndikukwaniritsa zofunikira. malamulo pokonza zinyalala zachilengedwe.Kompositi ya m'zotengera imakhala ndi nthawi yofulumira kwambiri yowola, yomwe imatha kuwononga chakudya cha kompositi m'masiku anayi okha.Pakangotha masiku 4-7, kompositiyo imachotsedwa, yopanda fungo, yoyeretsedwa, komanso yochuluka muzinthu zakuthupi, ndipo imakhala ndi michere yambiri.
Feteleza wopanda fungo, aseptic organic wopangidwa ndi kompositi samapulumutsa malo odzaza kuti ateteze chilengedwe, komanso adzabweretsa phindu pazachuma.
♦ Granulation
Granular organic fetelezaamatenga gawo lofunikira mu njira zoperekera feteleza padziko lonse lapansi.Chofunikira pakuwongolera zokolola za feteleza wachilengedwe ndikusankha makina oyenera a feteleza a organic.Granulation ndi ndondomeko ya zinthu kupanga mu tinthu tating'onoting'ono, izo timapitiriza zinthu zaumisiri katundu, kuteteza caking ndi kuonjezera otaya katundu, zotheka kugwiritsa ntchito pang'ono, facilitates Mumakonda, mayendedwe, etc. Zonse zopangira zikhoza kupangidwa wozungulira organic fetereza. kudzera mu makina athu a organic fetereza granulation.Mlingo wa granulation wa zida ukhoza kufika 100%, ndipo organic zili pamwamba mpaka 100%.
Paulimi Wachikulu, kukula kwa tinthu koyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamsika ndikofunikira.Makina athu amatha kupanga feteleza organic ndi kukula kosiyana, monga 0.5mm-1.3mm, 1.3mm-3mm, 2mm-5mm.Granulation wa organic feterezaamapereka njira zina zogwirira ntchito zophatikizira mchere kuti apange feteleza wambiri, kulola kusungirako zambiri ndi kulongedza, komanso kupereka mosavuta kugwiritsira ntchito ndi kugwiritsa ntchito.Manyowa a granular organic ndi osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, alibe fungo losasangalatsa, njere za udzu, ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndipo mawonekedwe ake amadziwika bwino.Poyerekeza ndi manyowa a nyama, ali ndi nayitrogeni (N) 4.3 nthawi zambiri phosphorous (P2O5) komanso potaziyamu (K2O) nthawi 8.2.Feteleza wa granular amapangitsa kuti nthaka isagwire bwino ntchito powonjezera kuchuluka kwa humus, zowonetsa zambiri za dothi zimasinthidwa: thupi, mankhwala, ma microbiological nthaka ndi chinyezi, mpweya, kutentha, komanso zokolola.
♦ Zouma ndi zoziziritsa kukhosi.
Makina owumitsa ng'oma ya Rotary & makina oziziraNthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi panthawi yopanga feteleza wa organic.Madzi opangidwa ndi feteleza amachotsedwa, kutentha kwa ma granules kumachepetsedwa, kukwaniritsa cholinga cha kulera ndi kununkhira.Njira ziwirizi zitha kuchepetsa kutayika kwa michere mu ma granules ndikuwonjezera mphamvu ya tinthu.
♦ Sefa ndi phukusi.
Njira yowunikira ndikulekanitsa feteleza wosayenerera wa granular omwe amamalizidwa ndimakina owonera ng'oma ya rotary.Feteleza wosayenerera wa granular amatumizidwa kuti akakonzenso, pomwe feteleza woyenerera adzapakidwa ndimakina onyamula katundu.
Pindulani ndi fetereza wotayidwa wazakudya
Kusintha zinyalala za chakudya kukhala feteleza wachilengedwe kungapangitse phindu pazachuma komanso zachilengedwe zomwe zingathandize kuti nthaka ikhale ndi thanzi labwino komanso kuchepetsa kukokoloka kwa nthaka ndi kukonza madzi abwino.Gasi wachilengedwe wongowonjezedwanso komanso mafuta achilengedwe amathanso kupangidwa kuchokera ku zinyalala zomwe zakonzedwanso, zomwe zingathandize kuchepetsampweya wowonjezera kutenthautsi ndi kudalira mafuta oyaka.
Manyowa achilengedwe ndi michere yabwino kwambiri m'nthaka.Ndi gwero labwino lazakudya zamasamba, kuphatikiza nayitrogeni, phosphorous, potaziyamu ndi micronutrients, zomwe ndizofunikira kuti mbewu zikule.Izo osati kuchepetsa ena zomera tizirombo ndi matenda, komanso kuchepetsa kufunika zosiyanasiyana fungicides ndi mankhwala.Feteleza wapamwamba kwambiri wa organicidzagwiritsidwa ntchito m'madera osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo ulimi, minda ya m'deralo komanso m'mawonekedwe a maluwa m'malo a anthu, zomwe zidzabweretsenso phindu lachindunji la zachuma kwa opanga.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jun-18-2021